“No Sugar” by Jack Davis Essay

The stage drama No Sugar, by Jack Davis explores the bad treatment of minority groups and their responses to this treatment. The performance set in the 1930’s presents the Milimurra family who are the minority group fighting against the injustices inflicted on them by white authorities. No Sugar provides a voice for the aboriginal people, confronts European Australians with the past, restores Aboriginal culture and pride and explored the value of equality. All these ideas are used as a way to convey its message to the audience. It appears that the stage performance of No Sugar provides the Aboriginal people with the voice they have lived without for decades. The Milimurra family are used in the play to represent the voice of the Aboriginal people who stand up against white authority. Milly and Gran who refuse to give in without a fight, go to the Sergeant and confront him about the reasons why their rations have been cut, and push for him to provide them with blankets. Characters such as Topsy and Billy are representations of those Aborigines who did not fight for their rights. These characters bowed down to white authority, Billy who does not speak his own language, but broken English is happy to work for the white authorities tracking down members of his own race who escape their clutches. Milly’s response to the Sergeant when he tells her that her problem is she has three grown men budging off her, who are too lazy to work, is by asking him â€Å"Where they gonna get work?† she asks the Sergeant â€Å"Do you want em to work for nothing?† and Gran backs her up by saying â€Å"Their not slaves you know Chargent!† The staging is also used as an added technique to provide the aboriginal people with a voice, the white colonies are positioned on the outskirts of the stage and the Aborigines are given center stage, as a means to respond to their mistreatment in Australian society so many years ago. No Sugar also confronts the European Australians with the past, the truth about the treatment of Aborigines and the injustices committed against them. Mary Dargaru exposes the treatment of Aboriginal women to the audience, through her conversations with Joe and her fears of working for Mr. Neal at the hospital. She tells Joe that when Mr. Neal asks a girl to work at the hospital it means he wants that girl for himself. The audience also learns  through Mary that this is a common tragedy faced by Aboriginal girls at the time. After the birth of her child Mary is fearful that Matron will take her child away and provide it with the same fate as her friend Lillian’s baby, who was buried in the pine plantation. In order to escape these injustices Joe and Mary run away to Northam, when caught and returned to the Moore River Settlement, Mary responds by refusing to work at the hospital. Mary’s response gives her the desired outcome she wanted, but at a cost, Mr. Neal beats h er, but not before Mary tells him â€Å"Go to hell.† The stage performance restores the Aboriginal people with their pride and culture which were stolen from them so many years ago. Jimmy in Act one reveals the resentment the aboriginal people feel towards the whites. When Joe reads the newspaper article about the Australia Day celebration, Jimmy responds by saying â€Å"them bastards took our country and them blackfellas dancing for em bastards.† Later in the play the males of the Milimurra family engage in a Carobaree, this shows that they are not prepared to give in to the white authorities and allow them to take their culture and identity without a fight. The aboriginal people also use their own language throughout the play, indication to the audience their perseverance and determination not to give in. The stage performance of No Sugar greatly explores the value of equality, presenting a contrast to the ideal equal world, and conveying the injustices and inequalities faced by the aboriginal people. It shows how the unemployment allowance for aboriginals was 2 shillings, whilst everyone else received 6 shillings. Use of props is also an affective medium in portraying certain inequalities, for example the sign for the Aboriginal department reads â€Å"The department of fisheries, wildlife and Aborigines†, this department also has two separate entrances, one for Aboriginals and one for Europeans. The Aboriginal people are not even allowed to consume alcohol. Jimmy responds to these inequalities, by ignoring the signs and goes to talk to Neville when told to wait around the back he refuses to budge and waits until they give the train ticket he wants. Jimmy also chooses to ignore the alcohol restrictions. In doing so he is put on trial which arouses another injustice. His trial is not a fair one and the Justice of the Peace conveys  the attitude that he would rather be somewhere else. Jimmy does not stop, he responds to further injustices in the courtroom by talking out of turn and attempting to defend himself, he also turns up late to the trial showing that he is not intimidated by white authority. The stage performance of No Sugar presents the Aboriginal people as they were treated in the 1930’s they are presented as being an inferior race and this is an accurate representation of their treatment during this time period. The performance conveys the groups responses to their poor treatment and is used as a means to finally give these people their much deserved voice, confronting Australian with the horrible truth of the past, restoring culture and pride to the Aboriginal people and exploring the value of equality.

Music Lyrics Do Not Promote Violence

Music Lyrics being NON-VIOLENT Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldn’t believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldn’t censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons in this essay. Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. It’s pounding beats and staccato rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop ( SIRS 1993). There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist had their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention( SIRS 1993). People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett(Surveys, pg. 1). There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from â€Å"Too Live Crew,† named Luke Skywalker. These rap artists in the past have been appointed for the things they say in their music. Lil Kim talks about sex in her music, Too Short talks about drugs, sex, and how much of a pimp he is, and Luke Skywalker talks about girls and sex. The lyrics that these rap artist use in their music might not be suitable for everybody to listen to but I don’t think their music should be banned or criticized because you don’t have to listen to it if you don’t choose to. Rap music, how much influence does it really have on it’s youthful listeners? Many, from record company executives to high school students agree that it plays a critical role in the lives of many tans, affecting the way they dance, dress and speak(SIRS 1993). Personally, I feel that rap music is a form of art. I think it takes a great deal of talent to write lyrics that rap artists write, because you have to use metaphors and similes, and at the same time get your point across so the listeners can understand. I give rappers a great deal of credit because I know it took them a long time to get where their at today, and I know it takes a tremendous amount of time to write a song. It’s also true and I strongly agree with that rap artists use lyrics that reflect on their childhood and the way they grew up. That could be the reason why gangster rappers and rappers talk about sex, drugs, and violence in their music because that was what they were exposed to through out their life. Rap artists generally write about what they know because it is easier to write about things and situations that you know, and if sex, drugs and violence is what you know about, then you are going to write about situations that involve those subjects. Not just write about them in hopes to cause more violence in our world. Young rap fans caution it is wrong and simplistic to believe music can dictate their actions. Upbringing and circumstance steer a child’s behavior, they say, not a record on a turntable or a performer posturing on stage(Newsweek, 1998). There are other reasons why gangster rappers should not be criticized for their lyrics. One reason is that I would rather hear gangster rappers talk about violence on the streets than them actually going out on the streets and participate in the violence. Another reason why rappers shouldn’t be criticized is because the world was violent long before rap was invented, and it is not rap music that is making the world more violent then it is already. I strongly believe that people have the freedom of choice to listen to rap music and if you don’t like what rap artists talk about, then you do not have to listen to the music. If people didn’t have a choice that would be one thing, but as long as people have a choice to do or not to do something then they shouldn’t try to criticize it. To me, rap music is more than a strain. It is the reflection of horrible suffering, struggle and pain of the ghetto life. I feel that art reflects life, so I ask myself why aren’t the National Black leaders like Delores Tucker, more concerned about where the source of rap music exists than the work denuding these types of harsh conditions(SIRS 1993). â€Å" I think that kids know the difference between right and wrong, music and reality. They know it’s not right to go kill somebody and if there driven to that, that’s not the fault of the music,† says Jon Shecter, editor of The Source, a rap magazine(SIRS 1993). If the people throughout the world that criticize gangster rap music would begin to really care then they would try to find and fix the conditions that this art of music comes from and stop criticizing the artist. In other words, the abusive language and rise of violence found in most gangster rap songs are the reality of our present day society. Americans should be mature enough to realize that not talking about something won’t cause it to go away. People talk about the violence of gangster rap music, but look at the violence we see on television everyday, on almost every channel you turn to. Violence is everywhere, you might see or hear something violent every day of your life, whether it is on television, radio or in real life. Violence has been existing for hundreds and hundreds of years, gangster rap music hasn’t remotely made violence more intense or worse than it already is( Surveys, pg. 1). So is it then fair to pin point rap music and blame it’s lyrics on the violence happening around the world? Teen-agers, both black and Latino, say it is the driving beat that attracts them and many other young people to rap. That, and the music’s honesty(SIRS 1993). It’s not the guns and drugs that make them like the music. The rappers aren’t saying to solve a problem you must kill, they are just stating what they know. In which, ever since they were young, that violence around them always ends in a shooting or stabbing, so is it right to blame them for singing about it when really they learned it from television? Sex in rap music shouldn’t be criticized either because look at all the pornography that is in the world today. There are magazines that are being sold nearly everywhere. They have triple X rated movies that could be purchase and you could rent these kind of movies at your nearest video store(Showbiz, pg. 1). So, lyrics that talk about sex can’t hardly be no worse than the movies and magazines being sold all over the world today. When rappers talk about drugs in their songs, they could be talking about how drugs were used in their neighborhoods growing up, and maybe they had to sell drugs for a while to put food on their table( Newsweek 1998). I feel, people get confused about what the rap artist is trying to say to people. They are missing the whole point. Just because rap artists talk about drugs in their songs doesn’t mean they are actually selling the drugs or using the drugs. These rap artists are making thousands of dollars just by making records, why would they go out and sell drugs? That doesn’t make any sense. There are plenty of artists that are positive, and speak positive aspects in their music about life, like A Tribe Called Quest, the Roots, De La Soul, and many others. So for those that think that rap music has a negative effect on children, and people in the world, there are a lot of rappers that speak unity, and things that are positive about life(Showbiz, pg2). If a person could listen to some of these positive rap artists, they could learn about life. There have been plenty of times where I was in a terrible mood or I was upset about something, and I popped in a CD of a rapper, and after I was finished listening to the CD I felt much better. The words and phrases used, are words of actual life events and the positive things or outcomes of them. In conclusion, I speak in favor of gangster rap, and I don’t think people should criticize these rap artists because they are speaking the truth. Situations they’ve been in are shown through their lyrics and we need to try to find the source of the problem instead of criticizing the person speaking about the problem. Drugs, Sex, and Violence are what gangster rappers are considered to be glorifying, but drugs, sex, and violence was in effect long before rap music was even thought of and so we shouldn’t use the type of music against the type of behavior caused by teens around the world. Word Count: 1667

Barleria Prionitis Linn

Barleria Prionitis Linn Barleria prionitis Linn Vernacular names English- common yellow nailo dye plant Ayurveda Kuruntaka, kurunta, sahachara, vajradanti Unani Piyaabaansaa Tamil or siddha: chemmulli Biological source : It consist of dried whole plant of Barleria prionitis Linn (Acanthaceae) Geographical source: It found throughout the hotter parts of India. It commonly grown as ornamental plants in gardens Cultivation The shrubs prefer a sunny situation on wide variety of well-drained moist soil. They tolerate temperatures only above at least 1 °C. It best grows with average annual rainfall between 750-900 mm. The seeds are very light in weight containing 33,000 seeds/kg. Seedlings grow slowly at first i.e. germinated between 13 and 77 days following sowing. However, an established plant grows fast. These shrubs flower from September to December and fruit from January to April.and can be harvested for four years. Natural regeneration generally occurs within 1 or 2 m of the parent plant. Description It is evergreen, is a tender, erect, branching, evergreen shrub with spiny stem nodes, elliptic to oblong, mid-green leaves, and spikes of tubular, yellow to yellow-orange flowers in summer.is a tender, erect, branching, evergreen shrub with spiny stem nodes, elliptic to oblong, mid-green leaves, and spikes of tubular, yellow to yellow-orange flowers in summer.is a tender, erect, branching, evergreen shrub bushy shrub grows up to 1-2 m with spiny stem nodes, elliptic to oblong, mid-green leaves, 6 to 12 centimeters long, narrowed, and pointed at both ends. Flowers are yellow and axillary, with the upper ones in spikes. Bracts and calyx are green, with the outer bract usually foliaceous. Corolla is about 4 centimeters long, flowers in summer. The stems are terete, glabrous, much branched with cylindrical and tapering branchlet Leaves are smooth, opposite, ovate-elliptic to obovate, acuminate, tapering to base, entire, margin finely ciliate, bristle-tipped and about 6-15 cm long an d 4-6 cm wide. The petioles are about 0.5-3 cm long, widely spreading spines present in axils. The flowers are sessile, yellow in colour and often solitary in lower axils and spictate in the upper axils. Bracts are acute, linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, about 1-1.5 cm long and 0.2-0.8 cm wide with bristle tipped. The corolla is bright, golden yellow in colour with pubescent outside and glabrous inside and about 1.5 cm long. The filaments are hairy and about 2-2.5 cm long, yellowish in colour with 3mm long yellow anthers. The ovary is ovoid and sigma is long, linear, sticky and pinkish in colour. The fruit is ovoid capsule containing 2 seeds. It is about 1.5-2 cm long and 0.6-0.8 cm wide. The seeds are oval-oblong, covered with silky copper-brown appressed hairs and measuring about 7.4-8.5Ãâ€"6-6.8 mm. Roots are central tap type, with lateral roots branching in all directions. Ayurvedic Properties Rasa – Madhura, Tikta Guna – Snigdha Virya – Usna Vipaka â€⠀œ Katu Karma – Kaphahara, Keya, Kà £sa, Ranjana, Visahara. Chemical constituents B. prionitis shows presence of glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and tannins Glycosides like prioniside A, prioniside B, prioniside, barlerinoside, verbascoside, shanzhiside methyl ester Saponins- lupulinoside, luteolin-7-O-ÃŽ ²-D-glucoside Flavonoids – apigenin 7-O-glucoside, 6-hydroxyflavones Phenolic acid – melilotic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid It also sowed the presence of triterpenoids and steroids such as lupeol and B-sitosterol. Bark consist of 16% tannins and ellagic acid

Finance project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance project - Assignment Example An analysis of the financial forecasts presented gives an insight into the financial requirements of the project. Suitable methods of project evaluation such as Net Present Value method, Internal rate of Return and Profitability Index approaches can be used to evaluate this project. Decision making by the Board of Directors can be based on one, two or all of the above methods. Determination of the cost of capital is significant as this will give the discounting rate to be used to discount the cash flows expected from the project. A rate of 8 percent is determined using the dividend growth rate model. This rate is adjusted to incorporate the risk factor present in the business. The risk adjusted discounting rate is therefore 11 percent. Depreciation is calculated using the MACRS approach of General Depreciation System. The rates are as prescribed in Table A-1 (US Treasury 946). A depreciation tax shield is calculated based on the depreciation values and this is added back as a benefit. The NPV approach gives a Net Present Value of $ 20,893,000. Therefore, the project should be implemented as it promises a positive NPV. Financially, the project is viable. If the funds obtained were non-interest bearing, the project would be financially viable under this approach. Under the Internal Rate of Return method, the PV of all future incomes are compared against the Initial investment and the discounting rate which equates the two represents the IRR. It is that discounting rate which yield a zero NPV. From the financial data obtained, the rate is determined as 11.48%. This is above the investors’ required rate of 8% and the risk adjusted rate of 11%. The project therefore will generate a higher return and should therefore be implemented. Using the Profitability index approach, the PI of the project is more than 1 and therefore viable. It yields a PI of 1.16. The project should therefore be implemented on this

Desserts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Desserts - Research Paper Example This is a statling statisctics given that many of us may never have come across deserts in our life time. Yet one fifth of the earth is such a huge chunk of earth. This therefore makes deserts even more intersting to study. A desert can be defined as an area of land which is very dry because it receives very little amounts of rainfall and other forms of precipitation such as mist, snow and fog. The National Geographic estimates that any place receiving less than 10 inches of rain (approximately 25 centimeters) annually is considered to be a desert. These are very low amounts of rainfall and there is no guessing that life can be harsh in such a place. Yet as we will see later, deserts are rich in plant and animal life. Another characteristic of deserts is that they experience very high levels of evaporation from the earth’s surface and transpiration from plants. This is because of the very high levels of temperatures found in these places, mostly due to direct sunlight hitting the ground. The reason for this is that due to low levels of precipitation, there is very little clouds to reflect back the sun rays, therefore much of the sun rays actually reach the earth’s surface. The temperature levels are so high that the National Geographic estimates that in North Africa’s Sahara desert, temperatures reaches 50 degrees Celsius during the day. It is important to note that not all deserts of the world experiences very high temperatures. Indeed, we have cold deserts of the world. In these deserts, very low temperatures hinder most of the life forms and therefore the ground is largely bare and barren, just like in other deserts. Examples of cold deserts of the world are the Gobi desert in Asia and the desert found in the continent of Antarctica. From the above description, it is possible to understand why deserts are vast areas with low vegetation cover and bare soil. Principally, conditions are so harsh that normal life is almost impossible. To thrive

What is good sex Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What is good sex - Term Paper Example It fills their heart with love and most definitely proves one’s feelings towards another person. Experienced and skilled touch of a partner wouldn’t leave woman a reason to doubt whether she is important for him. Her soul struggles for love, and this desire may be satisfied only by passionate attention and inseparableness of the partner. As for men, most of them see in sex the opportunity to get rid of irritation. Sex allows them to reawaken their passion and affection to the woman. Still, it is widely spread that men cannot understand the main aim of their efforts: they consider female orgasm to be their main purpose and their victory (Henry, 1981). Warm and humid answer of her womb is exciting, electrifying and awakens the deepest fibers of man’s being. The gates of Paradise are opened, he got his way! Woman is satisfied, and it gives a man the reason to feel that she learned everything about his love and paid tribute to his efforts. That is why to get the physical pleasure you need to have a contact with your partners body as much as you want and need, though sometimes it may seem to be the wrong place or intensity or you may think that your partner dont need it. Sometimes we cannot explain our needs and desires to a partner because of the elementary confusion. We are afraid of offending a partner or seeming to be dissolute perverts. Hence the lack of moral satisfaction comes: if we cannot talk to the partner about how we would like to make our sex, we feel offended and receive less pleasure. Gradually, this feeling is being collected and poured into a quarrel, and we (as well as our partner) may be even not aware and conscious about what was the real cause of such misunderstanding (Philpott, 2006). Kiss is one of the key components of sexuality and makes the sex be really good. It is difficult to imagine sexual game without kissing; the touch of the lips often gives a lot more emotions than sex itself. It is considered, that

Business and Trade Relationships between the United States and China Term Paper

Business and Trade Relationships between the United States and China - Term Paper Example As the business relationship between these two nations have gone through a many high points as well as low points, it has been an interesting topic of study for many researchers throughout the world. Furthermore, it is important to understand the different details of the trade relationship in order to get a better idea on how the relationship would continue in the future. This article focuses on exploring the business relationship between the United States and China. Traversing through historical trends, current state of business and future trends, this study would try to identify any potential opportunities for the future and how they can be utilized. In addition, it will also look at the possible challenges and ways to overcome those challenges. A Historical Perspective Early 18th century to World War II Before exploring the current and the potential of future relationships, it is necessary to take a look at way in which trade relations shaped historically. The first trade interact ion between two countries began around the late 1700s through the sea route. After the American Revolution, there was an attempt at sea exploration and American trader ship known as the ‘Empress of China’ arrived in the port of Canton (Dudden, 1992). This arrival of this ship in China was a very remarkable event because of the needs of both these countries. China had a huge demand for raw materials and Americans were on the hunt for anything exotic and oriental (Ng, 1983). This paved the way for a trade relationship between the two nations, which began to be popularly known as the Old China trade. The Americans were very interested in products like tea, cotton and silk, where as the Chinese were interested... Business relationships between the United States and China is a topic of discussion in this term paper. The researcher chose it because of the complex economic relationships between two countries and the way. The United States and China economic relationship has been one that has seen tremendous high points and equally strong low points. During the 1970s, the trade interactions between the United States and China were very less. However, the establishment of good bilateral relationship between both these countries resulted in the expansion of economic ties and hence, there was a considerable surge in the way in which trade and business grew. In due course of time, that is analyzed in the paper China become one of the top five trading partners of the United States and has become the largest market for the exported goods from China. The U.S companies have also been investing in China at a steady pace, especially during the past decade in avenues such as information technology. It is ve ry interesting to note how the trade and business relationship between two nations is heavily dependent on the way in which the political relationship between these nations is at a particular point of time. In conclusion, the researcher stets that while it is clear that trade between these countries have proven to be mutually beneficial, it would require a tremendous effort from the political and economic leadership of both nations to ensure that a strong momentum is maintained in times to come.

The Origins of Nazi violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Origins of Nazi violence - Essay Example The idea was that the brain of a mature male was superior to that of women, and that status was also a contributing factor to intelligence as people of unexceptional talents were believed to be intellectually inferior to distinguished people. Exclusion of less equal human groups seemed like the only radical method of separating the superior races from the inferior races. This paper explores the causative factors behind the anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany, and the associated violence. The principles of equality driven by American and French revolutionaries harmonized with the belief of inequality propagated by Darwinism. Scientists created a hierarchy that grouped human beings on a single scale of intellectually, and was based on the ranks or value of the individual. As such, science in the nineteenth century was based on traditional stereotypes, and this led to unverified conclusions that the differences in human beings were inborn and could not be changed. Social Darwinism states that the competition and struggling for life is the driving force behind the evolution of the human race, and only the better suited can and should survive. A way of thinking that pushes for fairness and enlightenment of all humanity is not favored by this doctrine. The importance of struggle in human society cannot be denied. Co-operation among individuals to form organized relationships can be modeled after the Darwinian model. It can be argued that without the struggling for existence, societies would not have evolved as much as they have. People join to form small groups, and further consolidate into bigger communities that are organized to bring about development that has led to civilization, and has been made possible due to inter-national and inter-tribal conflicts. Social co-operation is a consequence of combined defense and offence, and all kinds of co-operations have arisen from this synergy. The world’s population could have comprised of weak individuals living in cave s, and on wild food had it not been for the numerous battles fought amongst nations. These hostile situations forced the human society to evolve in order to survive. Just as the metazoic stage preceded the organic evolution, the social evolution begun at the meta-social stage. It was as a result of two or more clans coming together as a unified multifaceted community. The mutual invasion of personal space that is characteristic of any situation that brings together strangers is bound to breed hostility, and the result is war. Battles have either one of two outcomes; a group either conquers the other or is enslaved. Economic input in terms of labor begins when the enslaved nation is forced to work for the conquering nation. This was the only sure way of teaching human beings how to labor, and as such, it was the starting point of the whole industrial system of society. The human species may be degraded down to humiliating levels if nations lacked the will to fight each other. This is because war is one of the key facilitators of progress as it keeps countries on alert in anticipation of possible attacks. This shows that mankind and civilization as we know it, is sustained only through struggle and determination. In this line of thought, then the greatest threat to human society would be global peace, as the threat of external foes would be a non-existent concern. Science did not have to validate racism as it was already

Health Care Delivery Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Care Delivery Systems - Research Paper Example Case in point is that the organization of personnel and the institutional set up have various arrangements based on how services are delivered. There are a number of factors that are supposed to be considered in a delivery system. Case in point is that the heath systems should be based on the interrelations between the various components. The personnel and the clients must have a relationship based on mutual respect and understanding only to the extent to which health care services are provided. The essence of providing services to the people is to ensure that the needs and expectations of the people are met as appropriate (Kongstvedt, 2013). Healthcare delivery systems, medical practitioners have a sole responsibility of ensuring that the people receive the services that are commensurate with their needs. Health systems are defined by the functions and the services provided. Medical and public health have a distinction in the services provided. Funding of health care systems is of fundamental importance in the sense that without resources, it is not possible to effect delivery of services. There are five levels in which financial resources can be explained in so far as health care services are concerned (Pol & Thomas, 2002). Healthcare, social and taxations are the key areas through which the institutions are funded. Donations and private contributions are other sources of funding health care systems. Funding of health care systems is essential in the sense that it provides a basis for meeting the expenses of the institution and delivery of services. Individuals, who seek services from health care systems are bound by the rules and regulations to part with a certain amount for the services offered. Individuals pay for services based on the central negotiations or as set by the medical practitioners (Wolper, 2011). To this end, it is important to note that the financial muscle of an organization

Progressive Islam and Environmental Research Paper

Progressive Islam and Environmental - Research Paper Example Any change in Islamic region has often been resisted because it was seen as bringing about western values into the religion. However, with globalization there is need for inter-religious interaction. This necessitates for religions being more accommodative to other religions. This is why many organizations have come about to bring about progress in Islam. This is aimed at making the religion more flexible and only to be based on Islam values and not on strict and rigid rules. This paper discusses the progressive Islam and the environment in which it operates. It is first important to look at the history of Islam in order to discover the need for progressive Islam. By the end of the section you will discover that Islam in itself was not such a strict and rigid religion. The pre-Islamic Arab society was made up of unbelievers. There was need for change at social and political and moral and spiritual level. The need for change at moral and spiritual level met greater resistance than nee d for change at social and political level. This is because the Meccan Society was spiritually and morally stagnant. The spiritual and moral values kept going down. The tribes in the society carried out trade, which brought profits and great wealth. The wealth was concentrated in the few which led them to neglect others. There were all sorts of Idol worship and superstitions in the society. This sort of spiritual degradation was common among the Meccan Arabs. Their customs and traditions became an obstacle to change. Examples of this included burying girl child alive, maltreatment of women and sexual immorality. During this time there were no teachings or writings that could guide the society. The society worshipped the ancestors. There was great religious vacuum in the society. The religion that was around the Arabs was Christianity which they were unwilling to accept because it was associated with Roman dictatorship, which they were against. They argued that accepting Christianity was like losing their independence. The gap between the rich and the poor began causing tensions among the Meccan society. This led to the rise of Qur’an teachings. The teachings responded to these tensions by stressing on knowledge, justice by redistributing wealth in the society and spiritual and moral uplift. This was to solve most of the problems in the Meccan Society. As it can be seen, Islam arose not only as a movement for change but also as a moral and spiritual force. Its insistence on knowledge, social justice, spiritual and moral justice makes the religion inherently progressive. Islam taken from its origin does not need advocating for progressiveness. It responded to moral spiritual and social needs of all. The Qur’an teachings are sympathetic to the weak in the society and gives equal rights to women as men in the society. The Qur’an gives out the rights of women in marriage and inheritance of property and states that women should be given equal di gnity. For this religion to be progressive it must accept the gender equality. The progressive aspects of Islam were lost. The pre-Islamic traditions were not abandoned even after embracing Islam. The poor attitude towards women remained. The people even attempted to interpret the Qur’an together with their traditional believes. This led them to develop their own rules alongside the Qur’an. These laws were known as Sheri’ah. Some of these laws went against the teachings of Qur’an. Take for example allowing triple divorce which was a condemned

Death by Cell Phone Essay Example for Free

Death by Cell Phone Essay The newspapers are replete with scores of vehicular accidents. One reads of how a delivery van careens off the railing of a skyway and lands on top of a passenger bus underneath, crushing several people to death. Another article will be about a cargo truck losing its brakes and running through the red light at a busy intersection and in the process slams broadside into private vehicle. Still another might be of an SUV that crashes against a flimsy construction barrier and lands into a deep excavation †¦. Poor maintenance, lack of defensive driving skills, and carelessness probably account for these accidents. Now, another one can be added to this list of causes: driving while using a cell phone. This is about as commonplace as finding chewing gum under a movie theater seat but certainly, much more dangerous. Availability has determined usage; if it is there – even while driving – use it, is the motto. One wonders how the ‘’civilized’’ world fared without the cell phone. But for some reason or another it did. It was not too long ago that the Spanish galleons took over 3 months of sailing to deliver a letter from Spain to the colonies. And how the roundtrip – the time it took for this same letter to be answered – might have taken anywhere from 6 months to a year. Fast forward to today and the thought of leaving a ringing cell phone unanswered for a few minutes– even while driving – is unthinkable. One can argue that the case against using cell phones while driving is exaggerated; after all there are ‘’hands-free’’ cell phones that allow one to use the cell phone and drive at the same time. We are, after all, multi-taskers, it is argued. While this facility is available, how many do in fact use ‘’hands-free’’ cell phoning. Next time you are on the expressway or freeway, check. While you are at this, also find out how many use the cell phones: those coming at you, those to your left, those to your right, those behind you. Is it 1 in 10? 2 in 10? More? Actuarial scientists will probably advise you to raise your insurance coverage or perhaps even suggest that you start taking another form of transportation (e. g. the subway or some such) even if 1 in 10 of these motorists used the cell phone while driving. It might be argued that the ‘’risk’’ of getting into a vehicular accident while using the cell phone is over-rated? Is it? Consider the statistics: how fast is the average speed on an expressway? How many are using cell phones? How many seconds – or micro-seconds – does it take to initiate an accident? If the answers are that the average speed on an expressway is 60 mph, that at any given time there are more than 1 in 10 using a cell phone and that accidents can occur in the blink of an eye†¦well the answer becomes deathly obvious. An act that has previously been regarded as a remote possibility now assumes the prospect of a distinct probability. All too often, when we read of these things we deal with them by insulating ourselves with anesthetic reassurances that the likelihood is remote, that this are the dire warnings of alarmists, that it cannot happen to us – after all, we are not as ‘’careless’’ as the others. All that can be said in answer to this is that do not let the morgues and cemeteries get crowded with like-minded motorists. It is not too late to stop using the cell phone while driving. Resist answering that phone; it is probably not that important. It can wait. Your life and those of others depend on it

Public Relations Essay Example for Free

Public Relations Essay The term public relations (PR) is a campaign anticipated to establish benevolence for an individual or organization appearance. According to Tye (1998, p. 13), one of the initial descriptions of PR was formed by Bernays which claims that PR is an institutional operation which organizes public manners and characterizes the rules, measures and activity of an association after carrying out a course of action to obtain public consideration and acknowledgment. Cases in point of patrons of PR consist of firms employing â€Å"marketing public relations (MPR)† to communicate knowledge concerning the goods that they produce and services that they make available to prospective clientele so as to sustain their immediate selling labors (Stauber Rampton, 1995). On average, they confirm transaction in the short to long term, setting up and improving the firm’s trademark for a sturdy, continuing market. Another example is business entities utilizing PR as a means to access members of parliament, in search of complimentary levy and other dealing. Likewise, they can apply PR to depict themselves as progressive managers in favor of staff engaging agenda. Another case is non-profit institutions, comprising academies, infirmaries, and community service groups, may operate PR for consciousness agenda, fund-raising activities, personnel hiring, and to enhance support of their services. Furthermore, elected officials intending to draw votes and create funds once those operations are doing well at the poll, this assists in upholding their service in the workplace, with discernment to the subsequent ballot vote or, at an occupation’s outcome, to their bequest. In the present day, public relations is defined as an arrangement of managerial, administrative, and mechanical functions that promote an institution’s capability to advantageously pay attention to, recognize the value of, and act in response to those people whose equally favorable relations with the association are essential if it is to realize its tasks and principles. Basically, it is an administrative action that concentrates on mutual interaction and development of jointly useful affairs between an association and its publics. It is so difficult to define since it is associated with publicity and marketing. The concept of public relations is not synonymous with the concept of publicity. Publicity is the dispersal of information to achieve communal familiarity in an item for consumption, service, and the like. It is a condition of being public with a sense of making something known† or advertising. Marketing on the other hand is the promotion of an industry’s products or services. Technical and industrial parts, which nowadays revolutionize at a rapid rate, is covered by marketing through advertisements that can be seen everywhere. According to Whiteley (2000, p. 34), novel procedures, new-fangled merchandise, and innovative markets for earlier unlikely manufactured goods are the standard or custom. PR is also difficult to define since it includes the idea of ethics. To facilitate the perception of what is considered essential in PR ethics, people must initially be made acquainted with the range of roles of PR, especially in decision- making. These cases are possible problems to the field due to the following reasons. Soon after, PR practitioners were and are even frequently engaged from the lines of reporting. A number of correspondents involved with ethics, critique previous contemporaries for making use of their inner comprehension of information media to facilitate patrons obtain constructive media exposure. In spite of several factors of distress to reporters in the area of public relations, profitable PR statuses stay an admired preference for correspondents enforced into a profession alteration by the unsteadiness and frequently less economic prospects supplied by the print and electronic media commerce. Even though PR specialists are conventionally regarded as business servants, the reality is that roughly any institution that has an interest in how it is exposed in the public field provides work for no less than a single PR supervisor. Big associations may even hold devoted connections sectors. Administration bureaus, commerce alliances, and other non-profit organizations usually perform PR actions. As business merging happens to be more customary, lots of associations and persons are deciding to preserve boutique businesses (Macnamara, 2005) contrary to professed international interactions companies. Those minor businesses normally focus in merely a pair of training parts and therefore, frequently retain a better insight of their customer’s concern. And since they handle particular reporters with greater regularity, specialty enterprises habitually hold greater media links in the subjects that are of importance to their patrons. Additional advantages of minor, specialty businesses take account of more special consideration, responsibility, as well as expenditure funds This is not to express that smaller is constantly superior; however, there is an increasing consent that specialty businesses bid more than just on one occasion contemplated. The most principal query for PR ethics is the dilemma of separated reliability that is innate in the custom. The question â€Å"How can we equalize the good of the institute with the welfare of its publics, in addition to the wellbeing of society and of the PR line of work? † is at hand (Stoykov Pacheva, 2005). Neither genuine sponsorship nor absolute fidelity to the patron group is the solution to this drawback. Rather moral values that aid in balancing separated allegiance and keeping in proportioned exchange of ideas offer an improved remedy. It must be kept in mind that PR practitioners are at all times ethically compelled to themselves primarily, which is to safeguard their personal uprightness. The next is to their customers who are to honor agreements and to apply their proficient capability on their patron’s behalf. The third is to their association or manager which is to stick to managerial objectives and strategies. Another is to their occupation and their work contemporaries to maintain the principles of the job and, by extension, the repute of their associate practitioners. The last is to society—to reflect on communal wants or demands. The matter for those involved in PR is to do their responsibility and not to be anxious on whether anyone observes them or not. The existing definitions which seem to be the most useful to the concept of public relations are the following. Bernays identified PR as an applied social science that utilizes viewpoints from psychology, sociology, along with other branches of learning to systematically deal with the philosophy and behavior of a groundless and herdlike public (Tye, 1998, p. 317). Taking part in 1950, the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) authorizes the initial Professional Standards for the Practice of Public Relations, a precursor to the existing Code of Ethics, most recently amended in 2000 to comprise the six main standards and system conditions. As stated by Tymson and Lazar (2006), the six principal standards are â€Å"Sponsorship, Integrity, Proficiency, Sovereignty, Allegiance, and Equality. † The six code provisions consulted with are â€Å"Open stream of knowledge, Competition, Disclosure of Information, Assurance, Divergence of concerns, and Improving the work. † Contemporary public relations applies different methods incorporating the abovementioned principles with outlook survey and focus clusters to assess public view, shared with a range of advanced procedures for disseminating knowledge on behalf of their patrons, together with the Internet, database-driven transmission faxes, and many more to employ followers for a patron’s basis. As indicated by the PRSA, information that may be necessary in the certified routine of PR consists of the different fields such as â€Å"communication arts, psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and the principles of management and ethics†. Scientific familiarity and skillfulness are mandatory for outlook study, public affairs examination, media associations, organizational promotion, motion picture making, exclusive proceedings, and productions. With the purpose of recognizing what is considered necessary in PR ethics, there must be an initial familiarity with the variety of tasks of PR and its part in assessment composition. There are two major functions related with PR and these are the sending of message and administrating transmission. The moral conduct in PR can be observed in three modes. These are from a societal accountability viewpoint, from an expert outlook, and from an individual point of view. Societal accountability is the indication that institutions are obliged to the community as they are existent at the will of the people. As a result, they are indebted of gratefulness to the public. Its types are the implementation of the institution’s fundamental duty, apprehension with the end results of those pursuits on other groupings exterior to the institute, and interest with facilitating to answer the common societal troubles not related with the institution’s chief task. The first two can be looked at as civic duty, which is constantly required on the side of the institution. The third type could then be categorized as societal accountability, which is not binding for the institution. For any job to develop into a profession, it must come across four decisive factors. The first is proficiency which is the specific familiarity and skillfulness that are very important to carry out its purpose in society. The second is sovereignty which permits the practitioner to function with no external intervention. The third is dedication which is the effect of expertise, entails attachment to the pursuit of superiority exclusive of highlighting on the returns or compensations. The last is accountability which signifies that the influence given by proficiency involves a reliance connection between the expert and his or her patrons. One of the most central concerns when speaking on the subject of PR ethics is the function of PR in the principled management of associations. There is inadequate study on the most usual ethical obstructions in PR, and a small amount of, if any, conventional ethical assumptions to handle them. Studies on outstanding public relations proposes that PR can be the moral principles of an association—the organization task chiefly in charge for establishing ethical standards and communal duty into managerial pronouncements. PR can be the recognized means that integrates inquiries of moral principles and conscientiousness into managerial assessment determination. It is also the task that leads into the difficulties of stakeholders into premeditated choices and that sets up a just factor to those choices. For PR practitioners to work as ethics representatives for associations, it is basic to attend to the principles of PR as a career and to assimilate ethics and collective duty into the normative theories of how PR should play a role to the planned decisiveness procedures of associations. Most significantly, theories of ethical PR must be constructed from reputable idealistic theories of moral values. Ethicists all through the past have formed two main types of theories namely the consequential hypotheses, which give emphasis to the outcomes of an individual’s manners on other people, and the non-consequential or rules-based assumptions. Consequential speculations are an appropriate preparatory situation for PR ethics for the reason of the vital function of effects in PR. In any case, a PR dilemma is present once an institution has effects on a public or a public on an association. Additionally, associations hold a communal duty when they exhibit upshots on the general public or on community as one. On the contrary, Pearson (1989) formed a non-consequential philosophy of PR ethics established on the notion of a prime example of interaction circumstances. He suggested set of laws of PR ethics. It is a proper requirement to create and sustain communication dealings with the entire publics influenced by governmental procedures. It is also an ethical obligation to enhance the characteristics of these transmission affairs that is, to cause them to be progressively more proportioned. The first of these policies broadly indicates that it is basic for an association to acquire corollaries on publics in consideration when it creates tactical decisions. The second asserts that associations enclose the ethical responsibility to communicate with the publics although the association cannot continuously provide accommodation to the public. Grunig (1996) recommended that Pearson’s two ethical rules can be interpreted into a moral premise of PR that assimilates both a teleological and a deontological view. In consequentiality, moral PR professionals look for what results possible directorial choices comprise on publics. Non-consequentiality on the other hand, concerns principled PR experts in that case control the ethical responsibility to reveal these results to publics that are affected and to take part in conversation with the publics regarding the probable choices. Cutlip and Broom (1994) created a deontological hypothesis of moral decisiveness in public relations centered on Kant’s idea of definite essential and wide-ranging conferences with PR experts in situation study of two exceedingly moral associations. Her model progresses in phases. Stage 1 raises whether people are taking action on the center of sense only and not for the reason of political pressure, financial control, or natural self-centeredness. Stage 2 employs the â€Å"Categorical Imperative† and poses queries like, â€Å"Would the association acknowledge a particular verdict if it were on the accepting edge? † Stage 3 invites the association to reflect on its responsibility, its purpose, and nobility and regard for the association, publics, and the social order. Stage 4 then appeals for balanced interaction in relation to the consequences of the creation of evaluation procedure. In application to the real life situation, the problem of PR is that diverse age groups perceive the dissimilar principles in different areas or aspects. The PR practitioner dilemma is to get hold of the collective standards to assist association to perform more efficiently. As an example, the setting can be of younger personnel and baby boomers. As said by Wilcox, et al. (2002), they retain diverse standards such as chain of command, legitimacy, fairness, direct demands, stability and safety, and future targets. The different generations such as â€Å"Gen X and Gen Y† are enthusiastic to view the accumulation of merit to the group. Professor Smith recommends appointing a counselor to mingle with recent staff to the principles of a business. Younger recruits favor part-time occupations and adaptable program or agenda. They are not generally fascinated in investing on monetary or capital industries. Nevertheless, those people who submit an application for these occupations may become accustomed to commerce habits faster than other Generation-X and Gen-Y jobseekers. The appropriate discussion may appear as follows. The course of adjustment is a complicated matter. In contending with staff affairs, it must be considered that people are constantly coping with distinctive age groups. Dissimilar generations entail diverse principles, as it can be viewed in the situation. The common ethics are a foundation of a group civilization. A corporate background is obtaining more significance in the recent period. Occasionally, commercial customs is subsidiary to a business’ task and purposes. However, business traditions frequently influence objectives and undertaking. This result turned out to be prevalent as modern economy appeared. Contemporary economy creates innovative regulations even in the largest companies. The function of PR practitioner these days is to regulate workers’ relationships to existing business customs that implies that individuals must be handled consistent with what kind of company customs exist in the association (Crifasi, 2000, p. 18); although fundamental standards are still vital. If people are managing workers, the main concerns do not vary. The human resources would like to be notified, valued well, must receive responses, and have certain independence. It is attractive to see, though, that baby boomers are apt to enjoy dictatorial rule in associations, whereas people belonging to GenX and Y are more open-minded (Hall, 2007). That goes along with the additional coursework for PR practitioner which is to hand over knowledge for those staff in several modes of communication. The recommendations would be that the interactions in the prevailing corporation relatively fulfill the abovementioned conditions. Business networks are adaptable for person wants. As indicated by Dube and Manchanda (2005), senior citizens may possibly come across information in relation to medication, indemnity and many more, whereas young workers might get hold of a few prospects for self-realization inside an industry, publications of forthcoming dealings and so on. An instance of website is www. bsu. edu which offers the opportunity to log in as present scholar or teaching staff (Nelson, 1989). It is renowned that lots of periodicals are available in several editions, in accordance with demographical traits of purchasers. The commercial bulletin can be available in assorted adaptations as well. A PR practitioner regularly stands in front of the trouble of dissimilar morals among workers. In this instance, a PR executive is supposed to work as HR administrator, acting upon the transmission of messages between distinctive groupings of staff (Carlton Perloff, 2005. It can be a kind of mingling, similar to classifying of serving unfamiliar persons to be acquainted to the business customs. It is occurring every now and then that firms are dealing with dilemma in managerial communications not between people but between departments, especially in companies with extended structure. PR practitioner handles this problem as well, organizing committees and work meetings with participation of people from different departments. Problems in organizational communications are discussed on those meetings. Lastly, one of the most difficult matters at business customs is the responsibility of CEO as mentioned by Center and Jackson (1995, p. 14). His or her discourses facilitate individuals to be aware of the business’ objectives more openly. It must not be taken for granted that company executives also handle foreign affairs. The regulation of the conferences with the upper administration is an exceedingly crucial PR work. As a conclusion, public relations must be viewed as an organizational operation in any institution or association. A successful exchange of ideas, or public relations arrangement for a management is advanced to correspond to addressees whether inner or outer publics in such an approach that the implication matches with the managerial objectives and seeks out to profit shared wellbeing at any time feasible. PR can be of assistance by conveying to the association what a range of publics consider to be conscientious deeds, and then impart to the publics what the association has made. References: Carlton, D. W. Perloff, J. M. (2005) Modern Industrial Organization. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company. Center, A. H. Jackson, P. (1995) Public Relations Practices. 5th ed. , Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, N. J. , p. 14. Crifasi, S. C. (2000) Everythings Coming Up Rosie. Public Relations Tactics, September, Vol. 7, Issue 9, Public Relations Society of America, New York, p. 18. Cutlip, S. M. , Center, A. H. Broom, G. M. (1994) Effective Public Relations, 7th Ed. , Prentice Hall, Inc. A Simon and Schuster Company, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 07632. Dube, J. P. Manchanda, P. (2005) Differences in Dynamic Brand Competition Across Markets: An Empirical Analysis. Marketing Science. 24 (1), p. 81. Hall, P. (2007) The New PR. Mount Kisco, NY: Larstan Publishing. International Association of Business Communicators (IABC). Macnamara, J. (2005) Jim Macnamaras Public Relations Handbook. 5th ed. , Melbourne: Archipelago Press. Nelson, J. (1989) Sultans of Sleaze: Public Relations and the Media. Toronto: Between The Lines. Stauber, J. C. Rampton, S. (1995) Toxic Sludge is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies, and the Public Relations Industry. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. Stoykov, L. Pacheva, V. (2005) Public Relations and Business Communication. Sofia: Ot Igla Do Konetz. Tymson, C. Lazar, P. (2006) Public Relations Manual. Sydney: Tymson Communications. Tye, L. (1998) The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays the Birth of Public Relations. New York: Crown Publishers, p. 13, 317. Wilcox, D. L. et al. (2002) Public Relations Strategies and Tactics, 7th ed. , Allyn Bacon, Boston, MA. Whiteley, R. C. (2000) The Customer Driven Company: Moving From Talk to Action. Pfeiffer Company, p. 34. The key ideas of the critical theory approach to public relations thinking can be applied to PR practice in the following sets of circumstances. Critical theory is societal hypothesis linked headed for assessing critically and transforming the social order in totality, contrary to conventional hypothesis linked barely to comprehending or elucidating it. Calhoun (1995) aimed to differentiate critical theory as an extremist, liberated type of Marxian assumption, evaluating both the standard of science present ed by rational positivism and what he and his contemporaries perceived as the hidden positivism and dictatorship of traditional Marxism and communalism. Fundamental ideas are the following. The first is that critical social theory must be intended for the whole public in its past certainty or on how it happened to be constituted at an exact instance. And the second is that it must develop awareness of the general public by incorporating each and every chief social science, consisting of â€Å"history, sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology† as stated by Te’eni (2006, p. 65). For the transcendental view, critical theory signifies setting and evaluating the boundaries of the authenticity of a mass of information, particularly in the course of taking into consideration the limits constituted by the basic concepts at hand in that particular information scheme. In the early periods, the idea associated with critical theory is with the breakdown of wrong and non-approvable, philosophies since the motive included in hypothesis was entwined with the development of principled sovereignty and the Enlightenment assessment of unreasonable power. Marx clearly expounded this idea into the analysis of philosophy and related it with the concept of societal transformation with the quotation that â€Å"theorists have merely construed the world in particular means; what must be done is to alter it† (Cutlip, 1994). This meaning of critical theory originated entirely within the social sciences, and there are works of critical social theory and critical social science which show no awareness of the literary/humanities version of critical theory. The subsequent denotation of it is that of hypothesis employed in well-educated review and in the study of writing. This structure of critical theory is not essentially familiarized for extremist societal transformation or even for the study of the public, but as an alternative focuses on the scrutiny of transcripts and text-like occurrence. This form of this hypothesis develops from the idea of literary analysis as setting up and improving the appropriate knowledge and assessment of public relations. This sense of this theory began exclusively in the humanities. To use an epistemological peculiarity, critical theory in public relations analysis is eventually a type of hermeneutics wherein the data by means of understanding the sense of individual wordings and figurative language whereas critical societal theory is a kind of self-reflective facts relating both discernment and hypothetical account to decrease setup in schemes of control or reliance, complying with the liberate attention in increasing the extent of self-sufficiency and sinking the scale of control (Stoykov Pacheva, 2005). From this perception, critical theory is directed on understanding and description rather than on communal revolution. This theory as applied in public relations generally does not essentially entail a normative aspect, while critical societal hypothesis does, either in the course of appraising the social order from various broad assumptions of principles or in analyzing it in terms of its individual advocated standards. Critical realization was realized as awareness that facilitated people to liberate themselves from types of rule through self-reflection and procured psychoanalysis as the example of it. From the PR part, PR practitioners responds particularly in opposition to the New Criticism of the earlier periods, which attempted to examine merely transcripts, started to feature into their scrutiny and explanations of publications originally linguistic and interpretive hypothesis, followed by structuralism. Accordingly, PR critique turned out to be very hypothetical and some of those putting it into practice embarked on indicating to the speculative aspect of their effort as analytical assumption. And so this theory in the social implication additionally developed into one of the many pressures upon the lines within critical assumption in the public relations significance. Moreover, together with the extension of the mass media and popular culture as well as the unification of societal and public relations critique, the approaches of both types of critical theory system, would be instituted in the similar explanatory composition. Both aspects were existent in the range of modes of hypothesis. In verbal communication, the two points at which there is the shared concept of the two account of critical theory are in their interconnected aspect on expression, representation, and in their focal point on creation. Critical theory is as well characterized as a system of exchange of ideas wherein expansive proficiency and open reasonableness conversely, indistinct interaction on the other, the two adaptations of this premise started to extend beyond to a much larger level than previously. Both adaptations of critical theory have directed on the procedures of creation by which the occurrence and matters of personal interaction, civilization, and political perception take place. Whether it is in the course of the changing systems by which the organization of verbal communication grows to be its apparent configuration, the general realistic ideologies in which common discernment is produced, the semiotic conventions by which things of every day use of implications, there is a general concern in the course of a figurative category that mounts to evident incidents. With this, there is a major shared control among features of the diverse adaptation of critical theory. In accordance with the Critical Approach to Organizational Communication theory, the persons concerned in the interaction course are engrossed in a setting where they form the set of laws in their association (Babos Peterson, nd. ). Deetz believes as a lot of lots of place of working environment have turned out to be very political, which in turn, depressingly influences the employees and the welfare of the associations. He as well thinks that the interaction processes all over the firms and institutions are defiling the agency setting. This critical theory has realistic usage in usual groupings like in associations and industries. This theory is morally reliable and if employed appropriately will generate constructive moods in these daily backdrops. This would have been unfeasible to visualize without its underpinning in critical theory. The implementation of critical theory supplies a way of regarding once more the idea of information managing in terms of the moral principles of human interaction and permits the inquiring of the vitality of logical decision making as the foundation of organization (Vary, 2002). From the basis of critical theory produced four systems of administrative rule and the consequences they entail on the individuals functioning under these schemes. When running under the critical theory, a cluster will achieve collaboration and this will create a better-off general result. Deetz (1982) views authority as an unconstructive influence that brings about conflict between workers and their manager. Supremacy is an exceedingly chaotic, contentious idea in the societal studies and remarkably in the organization context. Deetz is as well a supporter in interpretative study techniques. The fundamental goal of interpretative study is to create a rational explanation of daily proceedings which is credible to clerical associates (Koch Deetz, 1981, p. 14). For that reason, interpretative researchers consider that hypotheses are not made for circumstances, but are created because of personal reactions in all parts of a condition. As an alternative in creating and circulating innovative views to the communal area, interpretative researchers focus more in conditional features that are settled in the diverse characters of distinct individuals. As stated by Koch and Deetz (1981), interpretive study techniques do not adjoin original information to a growing basis of facts (p. 15). Rather, they position or relate foundations of information by explaining the indirect potentials innate in present circumstances and undertakings. A critical theory presents the explanatory and normative foundation for public question intended at lessening power and growing autonomy in all their structures. It denotes that know-how is power and with it appears control over people. If a person gets sufficient expertise or authority in a matter, he or she can be liberated to control the circumstances that he or she is in. Deetz (2003) states that â€Å"critical theories have been functional as they have acknowledged the character of the members in the argument as the main troubles (p. 606). † He became conscious that in any case, organizations have to formulate resolutions; however he sensed that the workers and other stakeholders are supposed to speak in what is happening as they may view in the organizations. If staffs are granted this authority, they would have some bearing on the firm and may eventually sense more fulfillments in their occupation. He does not believe that human resources must possess all the authority; they simply have to maintain equilibrium between the power of executives and personnel to facilitate growth of firms. Within the critical theory, Deetz (1982) illustrates some interaction processes in which firms can generate resolutions. There are four distinct processes in how businesses undergo decision-making and convey their decisions to their staff. The first technique is by means of stratagem which is under administrative jurisdiction. With this approach, power goes beyond personnel thoughts and they obtain their influence and exercise it to as much scope as workable even if it signifies generating a depressed environment among employees. When applying administrative power, the board esteems their degree of domination over workers and occasionally takes advantage of their liberties (p. 132). The second technique under administrative rule is consent. Consent is when a member of staff acts as they are informed devoid of any inquiring. An instance of this was with the Manhattan venture throughout World War II. Employees were assembling the grenades to be released in Japan although they had no notion of what they were really creating. Conceivably, if the workers of the industry are familiar with what they were making, they may have not preferred to work in that setting. By means of this approach in creating a business resolution, personnel will be discontented by reason of their lack of participation in the pronouncements presented. â€Å"The short term yearning for construction has headed it to becoming accustomed to the public transformation rather than being concerned in it on a mindful degree† (Varey, 2002, p. 229). Co-determination is considerably an enhanced means for a business to make pronouncements. By applying this, both the administrators and employees collaborate and fo

Leadership Challenge Moving To Leadership Business Essay

Leadership Challenge Moving To Leadership Business Essay Everyone in their professional career usually starts their career from bottom and work to reach at top of the career ladder. During the course of professional career, individuals become proficient in work, gain respect from the whole management and eventually becomes a valued member of the organization. On getting promoted as a leader of that same team within which we have been working with so far certainly is an advantageous offering however coupled with several problems and challenges. However, being promoted within the same team is advantageous up to a certain extent as that individual would be aware about the policies and procedures and working environment as well as expected problems often encountered by the team, individual would also face several challenges while leading a team. The problems and challenges arise in a sense that when other employees who have been working for a longer duration than that of the individual being promoted and possess more experience might feel that they actually deserve the promotional hike. Also, problems arise owing to the assertiveness often expressed in meetings and words by the individual. Consequently, individuals being offered promotional hikes and promotional offerings entail to gain respect from the team and getting the things done without thinking that the power or authority has been moved to individuals head. Additionally, several things are ought to consider to smoothen the transition process of promotion. Primarily individual has to stop beating head and applaud on promotion as dynamics of the team are changed to a large extent and individual have to embrace the changed circumstances. Another key initiative is to show explicit value and support and listening to other team members ideas to even the process of promotional transition (Case Studies). Case II: Leadership Challenge: Juggling Cultures Several cases of bi-diversity are common in the Middle East with subject of leadership of women at workplace. Government is certainly putting in tremendous efforts towards recognition of women in the society and inclusiveness in different sectors of the economy. It is the key requirement of organizations to incorporate flexibility in corporate cultures in order to respect and consider individual needs. While comparing with the scenario in western countries, it is required in Arab countries to broach such issues within the cultural sensitivities and tradition and culture. In large organizations, it has been determined that they are in a better profitable state and quarter attributing to success while having female employees in senior leadership. Moreover having female executives in senior leadership leads to bringing of new perspectives as well as new innovative ideas. In the context of the case organization, the officials contemplate in selection of male executive over female executive for arranging deals with Saudi Arabian clients. The environment in Saudi Arabian organizations is inflexible characterized by male biased talent management systems and culture. Throwing light on the case situation, it would be effectual to select a male executive over female executive owing to the conservative biased system prevailing across Arabian countries. The selection and choice of male executive is justified to comply with the conservative and male dominated organizations and clients (Case Studies). Case III: What Leadership Characteristics Does Reuben Mark Possess? Reuben Mark professional accomplishments are legendary who is considered as a niche player for almost all the time of his career in one of the most valuable companies operating across the globe, especially in terms of market capitalization. Colgate-Palmolive is a leading consumer goods company serving in two hundred countries across the globe. Several business organizations would strive to achieve level of success and aspire to achieve a competitive edge likewise of Colgate-Palmolive. The case is primarily digging out the management style of Reuben Mark and his management and leadership style. Mark the leader possesses dynamic personality whose genius and innovation contributed successfully towards the growth of the company. Being one of the prominent leaders in the market and entire corporate world, Marks leadership style can be visualized as with tremendous clarity. Reuben Mark is certainly a willful and driven leader and the products and services directed under his supervision have raised the development and commercialization of brand in the market. At the same time, the leadership style of Ruben Mark has been intensely focused with strong commitment and confidence in taking risky leaps. Mark is also considered as a charismatic that has successfully solicited employee legions as well as customers in the relentless pursuit of his ambitions and aspirations. The exclusive style of leadership has also helped the company to shape the unique and powerful culture within the environment owing to his seemingly constructive behaviors (Case Studies). Case IV: Leadership Challenge: The In-Group Applicant Individuals hired through employee referrals tend to have a longer duration of association with the company in comparison than those of individuals hired through other methods of recruitment. Today, employers of business organizations try to determine the effectiveness of employee referrals and compare with other hiring methods. At the time of hiring, several factors are taken into consideration pertains to determine effectiveness such as overall hiring costs, performance of employees, employee retention rate. They tend to ponder these key aspects to narrow the field of best pool of candidates. Also, the current and existing staff gets benefitted by an incoming of lucrative salaries packages and recognition they get at the time of every hiring on their recommendation. In the context of the business case, the manager faces a contemplating situation of hiring an assistant manager on the basis of strong reference by his office manager. The office manager recommends the name of one of his family members for the job and the one is effectively suitable for the offered job profile. With an aim to get his family member into the job, the office manager tries to convince his manager to not to take risk with other outsider/stranger becoming his assistant. He sees this opportunity to build strong relationship with the company and is therefore motivated to refer to his family member. Recruiting talent in todays competitive market is certainly a difficult and tedious job and therefore employee referral program has been seen as an effective strategy to hire new employees (Case Studies). Case V: Leadership in Action: The Caring Dictator: Understanding and embracing a team is the main talent of a leader who is essentially thinking out in a creative manner and whose style of leading is based on his or her strengths. The best leaders of the industry allow leaders to emerge as reach to the top premier position in their professional career ladder. In todays fast paced world and competitive era, it has been determined that best leaders are ones those who bring out and build best leaders and not the best followers. The traditional military kind of leadership style is no longer proven to be effective. Nowadays, the leadership is more to be executed in a dynamic way depending on changing circumstances and changing needs of the team. At times, it takes the way of coaching; sometimes it is executed as visionary and is therefore termed as situational. In the context of the business case, Jack Hartnett is more of an affilitative leader who appears to rely on creation and building of emotional and companion bonds with other team members as well as subordinates. According to Jack Hartnett, if we sum up his vision in terms of leadership style, then it would be people come first. The affilitative style of Jack Hartnett has been proved to be highly successful during the times of relieving from stress and mental trauma, and even at the time building of trust. Jack Hartnett essentially put a greater reliance on praise and appreciation to foster performance (Case Studies). Case VI: Janine Bay of Ford Focuses on Interpersonal Skills: In todays competitive and changing times, leaders are mainly focusing on leveraging and utilizing their strengths and try to support and compensate their weaknesses to achieve organizational directives. Leaders are continually recognizing the significance of fact to concentrate and focus up on ones preeminent attributes and initiate efforts to compensate certain shortcomings and weaknesses coming their way to achieve greater success as well as positive self regard. The case study pertaining to Janine Bay, one of the top executives of a large corporation, Ford Motor Company articulates her journey so far in the professional career and how she managed to achieve zenith with her unique style of leadership. According to her insightful thoughts, an individual could not find recognizing his/her strengths a much difficult task in which they excel. The harder point is realizing out ones weakness. Another key fact of managing effectual leadership within a team is a teamwork that works like a fuel allowing people to achieve set and established directives. As per the views of Janine Bay, it is imperative to build an effective communication to members of the team group while allowing them to respond with innovative ideas and become a vital part of the visioning process. Appropriate communication as well as effective listening has been emerged as key components of undertaking successful leadership (Case Studies). PART II Based on your knowledge of the field of management and your personal definition of leadership, how are management and leadership similar or different? Write your answer after discussing it with a business leader. Leadership and Management are often seen as different terms by several people and terms have been even used interchangeably at workplaces. On the basis of personal experience gained from several field researches and scrutinizing industrial and organizational scenarios in todays competitive environment, a vast relationship can be established between management and leadership. Particularly, it has been observed that management requires good leadership styles which mean effective management is carried out with the support of effective leadership. For instance, at times when managers in large organizations are required to persuade his team members to his point and his view to facts, it is then handled out and managed effectively with the use of mixed leadership skills. Both goes hand in hand as the main focus of the manager here would be to be a good leader in the team who is able to manipulate and influence others views and decisions, ultimately involved effective dealing with people. An encounter with the business leader, who is the successful entrepreneur operating well in the area of fast food restaurants in the Emirate of Dubai has resulted in the emerge of several surprising and astonishing facts in the area of leadership and management. On having a formal meeting and discussion with him, it was essentially determined that an individual could be a great leader and an individual could also be a great manager, only the difference being that both the area requires a slightly differential set of skills and competencies. Where management is resulting in producing order and consistency in the process of operations and flow of work, leadership is resulting in change and movement up to a certain level within the process. The management in any organization includes a vast array of activities such as planning and budgeting, setting of agendas, preparation of timetables, allocation of resources, setting of rules and procedures, hiring, organizing, problem solving as well as taking corrective actions spontaneously. Leadership on the hand requires an individual to set direction, clarify the big picture and prepare strategies, communication of goals and responsibilities, alignment of tasks, seeking commitment, building teams, motivating peers and subordinates, and satisfy unmet needs and wants. As it has already been mentioned above that both leadership and management goes hand in hand, both the fields certainly requires human skills, conceptual skills and technical skills. Also, with the closing of discussion with the fast food business owner promoting healthy and happy lifestyles, he stressed on the fact that leadership is certainly required to set a new direction in the business like for example in their business targeting a new customer segment would require an individual leader to take an initiative to lead the team of members to conduct market research. At the same time, this requires effective management skills by the individual to plan and organize about the financial resources, time constraints, staff required etc. Indeed, there is no end to overlap of leadership and management.

Science vs Religion Essay -- Religion vs Education Essays

"Religion is part of the human make-up. It's also part of our cultural and intellectual history. Religion was our first attempt at literature, the texts, our first attempt at cosmology, making sense of where we are in the universe, our first attempt at health care, believing in faith healing, our first attempt at philosophy." --- Christopher Hitchens With the loud protests of a small number of religious groups over teaching scientific concepts like evolution and the Big Bang in public schools, and the equally loud proclamations of a few scientists with personal, anti-religious philosophies, it can sometimes seem as though science and religion are at war. News outlets offer plenty of reports of school board meetings, congressional sessions, and Sunday sermons in which scientists and religious leaders launch attacks at one another. But just how representative are such conflicts? Not very. The attention given to such clashes glosses over the far more numerous cases in which science and religion harmoniously coexist. The fact is, there are a great number of Americans out there ...

Fighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and

Fighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun and The Cosby Show The critical reception of The Cosby Show, an enormously popular television sitcom in the 1980's, roughly paralleled that of A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry's highly acclaimed play of the 1950's. Both the television series and the play helped change the way Blacks are portrayed in the entertainment media. But despite being initially greeted with critical praise, both subsequently fell under heavy scrutiny by many critics for being too assimilationist. However, in both cases, the charges of assimilation may perhaps be too harsh. A Raisin in the Sun, a drama of a middle-class family in Chicago, should not be regarded as a wholehearted endorsement of black assimilation into "white society. " Instead, the play offers a rather realistic view of the complexity of struggles that involves this issue. The Cosby Show, a comedy series about a successful upper-middle-class black family in New York, must also not be viewed as an endorsement of black assimilation into "white society ." Instead, the sitcom dealt with universal family issues and posited traditional family values and morals. But most importantly of all, both tried to do away with the prevailing negative black stereotypes in order to promote more positive and realistic representations. The claim that A Raisin in the Sun expresses the idea of black assimilation can be somewhat justified. Walter Lee Younger and George Murchison openly and consciously admit that desire for the white lifestyle. George has willingly denounced his race rather than uplifted it and is the epitome of a black man that has fully assimilated into the White mainstream. Walter, on the other hand,... ...revolution, not the just the entertainment industry. Works Cited Color Adjustment.Videotape. Dir. Marlon Riggs. Narr. Rudy Dee. California newsreel.1991. 87 min. Crenshaw, Anthony. "The Cosby Show Changed the Way Blacks are Viewed." Once Upon a Time in the Eighties. (1995) n. pag. Online. Internet. 3 Aug. 1998. Link to above site: www.engl.virginia.edu/~enwr1016/amc2d/cosby.html Pouissant, Alvin. "The Huxtables: fact or Fantasy." Ebony. Oct. 1988. 72-74. Turner, Darwin T. "Visions of Love and Manliness in a Blackening World :Dramas of Black Life Since 1953." The Black Scholar. vol. 25. No.2. 2-12. Link to the Lorraine Hansberry Page: http://www.%20accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/hansberr.htm Link to an interesting site which provides some helpful info and question about A Raisin in the Sun: www.randomhouse.com/acmart/raisintg.html

Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc

Computer Programming Choosing to do a research on a career can be a little easier to do when you have some or a general knowledge a particular field of work. There are many different types of jobs one can decide to undertake, one of which is in the most popular line of work today: Computer Programming. Although this line of work might seem a little tiresome but you might find it enjoyable by people with lots of patience and the will to do long and tidious work. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams, with each person focusing on a specific aspect of the total project(AOL). Programmers write the detailed instructions for a computer to follow. A computer programmer carefully studies the program that best suits the employer needs. They may also work for a large computer corporation developing new software and/or improving older versions of these programs. Programmers write specific programs by breaking down each step into a logical series of hours of writing programs, the programmer must follow. After long hours of writing programs, the programmer must thoroughly testing and revising it. Generally, programmers create software by using the following a basic step-by-step development process: (1) Define the scope of the program by outlining exactly what the program will do. (2) Plan the sequence of computer operations, usually by developing a flowchart (a diagram showing the order of computer actions and data flow). (3) Write the code--the program instructions encoded in a particular programming language. (4) Test the program. (5) Debug the program (eliminate problems in program logic and correct incorrect usage of the programming language). (6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly(AOL) Programmers are grouped into two types: Application programmers and systems programmers. These programmers write the software that changes a basic machine into a personal tool that not only is useful for increasing productivity but also be fun and entertain the user. Applications programmers write commercial programs to be used by businesses, in scientific research centers, and in the home. Systems programmers write the complex programs that control the inner-workings of the computer. Application programmers are focused primarily on business, engineering, or science tasks, such as writing a program to direct the guidance system of a missile to its target (Information Finder). A systems programmer maintains the software that controls the operation of the entire computer system. They make changes to the instructions that controls the central processing unit, in turn, controls the computers hardware itself(FL View #475). They also help application programmers determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs. Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc Computer Programming Choosing to do a research on a career can be a little easier to do when you have some or a general knowledge a particular field of work. There are many different types of jobs one can decide to undertake, one of which is in the most popular line of work today: Computer Programming. Although this line of work might seem a little tiresome but you might find it enjoyable by people with lots of patience and the will to do long and tidious work. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams, with each person focusing on a specific aspect of the total project(AOL). Programmers write the detailed instructions for a computer to follow. A computer programmer carefully studies the program that best suits the employer needs. They may also work for a large computer corporation developing new software and/or improving older versions of these programs. Programmers write specific programs by breaking down each step into a logical series of hours of writing programs, the programmer must follow. After long hours of writing programs, the programmer must thoroughly testing and revising it. Generally, programmers create software by using the following a basic step-by-step development process: (1) Define the scope of the program by outlining exactly what the program will do. (2) Plan the sequence of computer operations, usually by developing a flowchart (a diagram showing the order of computer actions and data flow). (3) Write the code--the program instructions encoded in a particular programming language. (4) Test the program. (5) Debug the program (eliminate problems in program logic and correct incorrect usage of the programming language). (6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly(AOL) Programmers are grouped into two types: Application programmers and systems programmers. These programmers write the software that changes a basic machine into a personal tool that not only is useful for increasing productivity but also be fun and entertain the user. Applications programmers write commercial programs to be used by businesses, in scientific research centers, and in the home. Systems programmers write the complex programs that control the inner-workings of the computer. Application programmers are focused primarily on business, engineering, or science tasks, such as writing a program to direct the guidance system of a missile to its target (Information Finder). A systems programmer maintains the software that controls the operation of the entire computer system. They make changes to the instructions that controls the central processing unit, in turn, controls the computers hardware itself(FL View #475). They also help application programmers determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs.

Lead In Drinking Water

Lead is a naturally occurring element present in the earth's crust. It is one of the most harmful environmental pollutants.   It has become difficult to control because of its wide usage. Over the years it is being used in gasoline, house paint and plumbing fixtures. Lead shows adverse effects when it builds up in the body. There are many ways in which humans are exposed to lead: through deteriorating paint, household dust, bare soil, air, drinking water, food, ceramics, home remedies, hair dyes and other cosmetics.Much of this lead is of microscopic size, invisible to the naked eye. In 1978, the federal government banned lead-based paint from housing. Though the amount of lead that is released into the environment each year has been greatly reduced by less use of leaded gas, starting in the mid-70s. Laws forbidding use of lead in house paint (1978) and lead in plumbing solder (1986) have helped as well. Still, lead can be a problem, especially in older homes.As a highly toxic meta l contaminant in drinking water, with public health threat lead received attention over the years. However, the old lead painted houses are the primary source of lead contamination. Water has a combination of things in it, when it reaches home for household purposes. According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in the United States 1 out of every 11 children has a dangerous level of lead in the bloodstream. The elevated blood-lead levels can be due to the drinking water contaminated with lead, in spite of water being the rare primary source.Although there is no â€Å"safe† level of lead in water, the EPA has estimated that on average up to 20% of a child's total lead exposure can potentially be attributed to lead-contaminated water. Lead poisoning is dangerous for anyone of any age, but children are particularly vulnerable because of  the effects of lead poisoning on development. According to EPA, lead dosage that would have little effect on an adult can harm a small child.   Lead in drinking water can be a problem for infants whose diet consists of liquids-such as baby formula and juices mixed with water. Lead can be easily and more rapidly absorbed by children compared to the adults.Lead can cause a variety of adverse health effects when people are exposed to it at levels above the action level even for relatively short periods of time. The effects are the same whether it is breathed or swallowed. Very low levels of lead poisoning can cause reduced IQs‚ learning disabilities and behavioral problems such as hypertension and reduced attention span in children, and often these effects are life long and irreversible. Pregnant women and young children are at the greatest risk even with short-term, low level exposures. Overexposure to lead over time can have severe health effects that can last a lifetime.   Lead poisoning can cause damage to brain, kidneys, nervous system, and red blood cells. Children's brains and nervous systems ar e more sensitive to the damaging effects of lead, so they can have behavior and learning problems (such as hyperactivity), damage to the brain and nervous system, slowed growth, hearing problems and headaches.Because children are most vulnerable to adverse health effects from lead exposure, the adequacy of controls over lead in water supplies serving schools and child care facilities is particularly important. In adults it can cause reproductive problems, high blood pressure, digestive problems, nerve disorders, memory and concentration problems, muscle and joint pain.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC), Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (LPPP) in conjunction with the Office of Refugee Resettlement developed the Lead Poisoning Prevention in Newly Arrived Refugee Children tool kit in response to the increasing number of refugee children entering in the United States and subsequently developing elevated blood lead levels. CDC’s Childhood Lead Poisoning Preven tion Program is committed to the Healthy People goal of eliminating elevated blood lead levels in children by 2010. CDC continues to assist state and local childhood lead poisoning prevention programs, to provide a scientific basis for policy decisions, and to ensure that health issues are addressed in decisions about housing and the environment.Other studies have shown that the intrusion of lead into the lens of the eye may cause protein conformational changes that decrease lens transparency. Now NIEHS grantee Howard Hu and colleagues at Harvard University have uncovered what could be another adverse health effect with global implications: cataracts. The researchers found that participants with high tibial lead were more than 2.5 times as likely to develop cataracts as men with low tibial lead (bone lead is a measure of long-term lead exposure). Blood lead levels, which are more indicative of short-term lead exposure, were not significantly associated with increased risk of catarac t development.The contamination occurs when the water is once out from the treatment plants to the individual residences.   The service lines that direct the water, certain types of plumbing materials, such as lead pipes, lead solder, brass faucets and some water meter components are responsible for the leaching of lead into drinking water. Hot water can cause the lead to leach out from lead-soldered copper pipes. The longer that water stays in pipes, the greater the exposure to lead.  Stray electrical currents from improperly grounded electrical outlets or equipment also may increase the level of lead in drinking water.Though the, Congress in1986 banned the use of solder containing more that 0.2% lead and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes, and other plumbing materials the risk of lead contamination is not completely removed as â€Å"lead-free† plumbing may contain up to 8 percent lead. Lead in the air comes from industrial emissions. Lead deposits in soils ar ound roadways and streets from past emissions by automobiles using leaded gas, together with paint chips and lead paint dust. Lead may be found in some imported candies, medicines, dishes, toys, jewelry, and plastics.Under Safe Drinking Water Act law passed by Congress in 1974, EPA determined safe levels of chemicals in drinking water which do or may cause health problems. These non-enforceable levels, based solely on possible health risks and exposure, are called Maximum Contaminant Level Goals. The MCLG for lead has been set at zero because EPA believes this level of protection would not cause any of the potential health problemsResponsibility for ensuring safe drinking water is shared by EPA, the states, and, most importantly, local water systems. In general, EPA sets standards to protect drinking water quality and to ensure the proper operation and maintenance of public water systems.   EPA also oversees state implementation of the Safe Drinking Water Act and applicable regula tions where states have assumed primary responsibility for enforcement.The states ensure that local water systems meet EPA and state requirements, provide technical assistance, and take enforcement action, as necessary. In addition, the states collect information on the results of drinking water monitoring, among other things, and report the information to EPA. At the local level, public water systems operate and maintain their facilities in accordance with federal and state requirements, periodically test the drinking water to ensure that it meets quality standards, install needed treatments, and report required information to the states.Water system cannot directly detect and remove the lead contamination in drinking water as corrosion occurs in household lead pipes. To control lead and copper in drinking water, EPA implemented a regulation known as LCR (Lead and Copper Rule) or 1991 Rule in July 1991. The main aim of this program is to monitor the drinking water for the contamina tion and to educate the public to take precautions to protect their health when lead concentration (15 ppb) and copper concentration (0. 3 ppm) in water exceed their action level.The LCR even replace lead service lines used to carry water from the street to the home when elevated lead levels are continued even after anti-corrosion treatment. It is compulsory that that all public water supplies should abide these regulations to meet National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. EPA regulations require that child care centers operating their own water supplies test all drinking outlets for lead. The Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for lead is 0 ppb, the EPA action level for lead in drinking water is 15 ppb. GSA requires that corrective actions be taken when lead concentrations in drinking water exceed the 15 ppb action level.  EPA played a major key role in distributing a list of banned coolers and publishing and distributing guidance on detecting and remediating lead contamination in school drinking water supplies when the Congress banned the manufacture and sale of water coolers that were not lead-free under the Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988. In addition to it EPA ordered required states to establish programs to assist local agencies in testing and correcting for lead in water supplies in schools and child care facilities.In March 2005, EPA announced a Drinking Water Lead Reduction Plan to improve and clarify specific areas of the rule and the agency’s guidance materials. EPA proposed regulatory changes to the LCR in the following areas:Treatment Processes: To require that utilities notify states prior to changes in treatment so that states can provide direction or require additional monitoring. EPA will also revise existing guidance to help utilities maintain corrosion control while making treatment changes. Customer Awareness: To require that water utilities notify occupants of the results of any testing that occurs within a home or facility. EPA will also seek changes to allow states and utilities to provide customers with utility-specific advice on tap flushing to reduce lead levels.Lead Service Line Management: To ensure that service lines that test below the action level are re-evaluated after any major changes to treatment which could affect corrosion control.Lead in Schools: The agency will update and expand 1994 guidance on testing for lead in school drinking water. EPA will emphasize partnerships with other federal agencies, utilities and schools to protect children from lead in drinking water.Although EPA in cooperation with NSF International, state, and water industry officials succeeded in reducing lead levels by testing the water by lead rule. According to NSF, the extent to which lead leaches from products containing lead is not directly proportional to the level of lead used in any one alloy contained in the product. NSF identified several factors that contribute to the level of leaching, including the cor rosiveness of the water, lead content, the extent of the leaded surface area, and the process used to manufacture the product.Lead contamination in water can not be detected normally because one cannot see, taste, or smell lead dissolved in water, Individuals who suspect the contamination of lead in their house, the only way to be sure of the amount of lead in their household water is to have it tested by a certified lab where water will be analyzed using the EPA's sampling and analysis procedures. While collecting water for analysis one should be sure to have a â€Å"first draw sample and a â€Å"fully flushed† sample. The first draw sample should be collected after water has sat undisturbed for at least six hours. The first draw sample should have the highest level of lead.The fully flushed sample should be collected after the water has been running from the tap for several minutes, at least until the water becomes noticeably cooler. This two-sample procedure indicates whe ther flushing the tap can reduce the lead to safe levels. Water testing is especially important for apartment dwellers, because flushing may not be effective in high-rise buildings with lead-soldered central piping.According to the Toxics Release Inventory, from 1987 to 1993 a total of nearly 144 million lbs of lead compounds were released to land and water by lead and copper smelting industries. When released to land, lead binds to soils and does not migrate to ground water. In water, it binds to sediments. It does not accumulate in fish, but does in some shellfish, such as musselsOne can temporarily reduce lead hazards by taking actions like repairing damaged painted surfaces and planting grass to cover soil with high lead levels. Appropriate precautions should be taken to prevent the contamination using specialized cleaning techniques that are effective in removing lead-contaminated dust. Cleaning should be done time to time in addition to a final cleanup at the end of the job. T hese actions (called â€Å"interim controls†) are not permanent solutions and will not eliminate all risks of exposure.Peeling, chipping, chalking, or cracking lead-based paint is a hazard and needs immediate attention Lead from paint chips, and lead dust, both cause serious hazards. Lead dust can form when lead-based paint is dry scraped, dry sanded, or heated. Dust also forms when painted surfaces bump or rub together. Lead chips and dust can get on surfaces and objects that people touch. Settled lead dust can reenter the air when people vacuum, sweep, or walk through it.There are many ways to reduce lead exposure at home specially for children. Precautions should be taken to keep children away from chipping, peeling and flaking paint. Children should wash their hands before meals, snacks, nap time and bedtime and the areas where children play as dust-free as possible. Care should be taken to give clean pacifiers for infants to suck. Pacifiers often and pin them on a short ribbon to the child's shirt and children’s clothes clean by changing frequently. Stuffed animals and toys should be washed regularly.Lead contaminated water can be avoided to some extent by following simple measures. Hard water can actually offer some protection against lead contamination because mineral build-up on the inside of pipes reduces contact between water and the lead or solder.  Use only lead-free materials in all plumbing repairs or new faucets and pipes. Homes with plastic drinking water lines, which are glued rather than soldered, should not have problems with lead contamination from pipes. Before using water for drinking or cooking, run the cold water for a minute until it is as cold as it can get.   This will flush out the water that has been sitting around for awhile so lead concentration won't be as high.   Also, use only cold water for drinking and cooking since hot water dissolves lead more quickly than cold water.Some precaution can be taken to prev ent ourselves from continuous exposure. When renovating homes, Do not use a belt-sander, propane torch, heat gun, dry scraper, or dry sandpaper to remove lead-based paint. These actions create large amounts of lead dust and fumes. Federal law requires that contractors provide lead information to residents before renovating pre-1978 housing. Many houses and apartments built before 1978 have paint that contains lead (called lead-based paint). Landlords have to disclose known information on lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards before leases take effect.Some of the activities that should be done to prevent lead contamination are:Create aerator (screen) cleaning maintenance schedule and clean debris from all accessible aerators frequently. Use only cold water for food and beverage preparation as hot will dissolve lead more quickly. Instruct the users to run the water before drinking. Regularly flush the piping system in the building. The degree to which flushing helps reduce lea d levels can also vary depending upon the age and condition of the plumbing and the corrosiveness of the water.Bottled water can be an expensive alternative but might be warranted if you expect or are aware of widespread contamination and flushing is not an option. If you use bottled water, be aware that it is not regulated by EPA but rather by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Reverse osmosis units are commercially available and can be effective in removing lead. Since these devices also tend to make the water corrosive, they should only be used when placed at water outlets. Electrical current may accelerate the corrosion of lead in piping materials. Existing wires already grounded to the water pipes can possibly be removed by a qualified electrician, and replaced by an alternative grounding system.Apart from the efforts of EPA and associated bodies, as general public we too have some responsibility in educating people towards the adverse effects of the lead contaminated water . We should discourage people from using materials that induce lead into the environment. Care should be taken that industrial effluents are not released into the water streams and any such incidence should be reported to the concerning authority.Reference:http://www.awwa.org/Advocacy/pressroom/lead.cfm